The article titled "Short Sleep Duration and Weight Gain: A Systematic Review" by Sanjay R. Patel and Frank B. Hu reviews the literature on the association between short sleep duration and obesity or weight gain. The key findings of the article are as follows:

1. Children: The review found that in both cross-sectional and cohort studies of children, short sleep duration was strongly and consistently associated with concurrent and future obesity. Various studies reported a positive association between short sleep duration and increased obesity in children.

2. Adults: The findings in adult cross-sectional analyses were more mixed, with 17 out of 23 studies supporting an independent association between short sleep duration and increased weight. However, all three longitudinal studies in adults found a positive association between short sleep duration and future weight. The relationship between short sleep duration and weight gain appeared to diminish with age.

3. Study Limitations: The article acknowledges major limitations in study design, which prevent definitive conclusions. The authors highlight the need for further research using objective measures of sleep duration, repeated assessments of sleep and weight, and experimental study designs that manipulate sleep to better understand the causal relationship between sleep deprivation and obesity.

Overall, the systematic review suggests that short sleep duration is independently associated with weight gain, particularly in younger age groups. However, further research is required to establish a definitive causal relationship between sleep deprivation and obesity.